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PROSPECT: Chemotherapy Alone or Chemotherapy Plus Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Undergoing Surgery

The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
 
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01515787
Recruitment Status : Active, not recruiting
First Posted : January 24, 2012
Results First Posted : February 2, 2024
Last Update Posted : February 2, 2024
Sponsor:
Collaborators:
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Canadian Cancer Trials Group
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology

Study Description
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Brief Summary:
The standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer involves chemotherapy and radiation, known as 5FUCMT, (the chemotherapy drugs 5-fluorouracil/capecitabine and radiation therapy) prior to surgery. Although radiation therapy to the pelvis has been a standard and important part of treatment for rectal cancer and has been shown to decrease the risk of the cancer coming back in the same area in the pelvis, some patients experience undesirable side effects from the radiation and there have been important advances in chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation which may be of benefit. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects, both good and bad, of the standard treatment of chemotherapy and radiation to chemotherapy using a combination regimen known as FOLFOX, (the drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin and leucovorin) and selective use of the standard treatment, depending on response to the FOLFOX. The drugs in the FOLFOX regimen are all FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved and have been used routinely to treat patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

Condition or disease Intervention/treatment Phase
Colorectal Cancer Drug: FOLFOX (chemotherapy) Other: 5 FUCMT (chemoradiation) Procedure: surgery Procedure: magnetic resonance imaging or endorectal ultrasound Phase 2 Phase 3

Detailed Description:

OUTLINE: This is a multicenter, phase II/III study. Patients are stratified according to ECOG performance status (0 or 1 vs 2) and randomized to 1 of 2 treatment regimens. Patients will receive full supportive care while on this study.

OBJECTIVES:

Primary

  1. Phase II component: To assure that neoadjuvant FOLFOX followed by selective use of 5FUCMT group (Group 1) maintains the current high rate of pelvic R0 resection and is consistent with non-inferiority for time to local recurrence (TLR).
  2. Phase III component: To compare neoadjuvant FOLFOX followed by selective use of 5FUCMT (Group 1) to standard 5FUCMT (Group 2) with respect to the primary endpoint of the Disease-Free Survival (DFS).

Secondary

  1. To determine if the neoadjuvant FOLFOX followed by selective use of 5FUCMT (Group 1) is non-inferior to the standard group 5FUCMT (Group 2) with respect to the proportion of patients who achieve a pathologic complete response (pCR) at the time of surgical resection.
  2. To determine if the neoadjuvant FOLFOX followed by selective use of 5FUCMT (Group 1) is non-inferior to the standard 5FUCMT (Group 2) with respect to overall survival.
  3. To evaluate and compare the adverse event profile and surgery complications between two groups.
  4. To estimate the proportion of patients in the selective group (Group 1) who receive: 1) pre-operative 5FUCMT; 2) post-operative 5FUCMT; 3) either pre- or post-operative 5FUCMT.
  5. To determine if the neoadjuvant FOLFOX followed by selective use of 5FUCMT (Group 1) is non-inferior to the standard 5FUCMT (Group 2) with respect to Local Recurrence (TLR)
  6. To determine if the neoadjuvant FOLFOX followed by selective use of 5FUCMT (Group 1) is non-inferior to the standard 5FUCMT (Group 2) with respect to Neoadjuvant Response Score (NAR)

Event monitoring of patients will continue up to 8 years post randomization.

Study Design
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Study Type : Interventional  (Clinical Trial)
Actual Enrollment : 1194 participants
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
Official Title: A Phase II/III Trial of Neoadjuvant FOLFOX With Selective Use of Combined Modality Chemoradiation Versus Preoperative Combined Modality Chemoradiation for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Low Anterior Resection With Total Mesorectal Excision (PROSPECT)
Actual Study Start Date : June 12, 2012
Actual Primary Completion Date : December 31, 2022
Estimated Study Completion Date : June 30, 2024
Arms and Interventions
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Arm Intervention/treatment
Experimental: Group 1

Patients will receive FOLFOX chemotherapy once every two weeks for 6 cycles total over a period of 12 weeks. After completing FOLFOX chemotherapy, the patient will have an MRI scan or endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) to examine the tumor. If the tumor has not decreased in size by at least 20%, the patient will receive 5FUCMT (radiation with chemotherapy). If the tumor has decreased in size by 20%, then the patient will proceed directly to surgery.

If all borders of the tumor are normal post surgery, then the patient receives six additional cycles of FOLFOX chemotherapy. If all borders of the tumor are not normal then the patient receives chemoradiation therapy for 5.5 weeks after surgery. After chemoradiation, additional cycles of FOLFOX or similar chemotherapy will be recommended for 4 cycles or 8 weeks. Patient observation with follow up evaluations and event monitoring will occur up to 8 years post randomization.

 Drug: FOLFOX (chemotherapy)
Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m^2 IV over 2 hours on day 1, leucovorin 400 mg/m^2 bolus IV over 2 hours on day 1 and 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m^2 bolus over 5-15 minutes then 2400 mg/m^2 continual over 46-48 hours total dose IV on days 1-2. The treatment schedule repeats based on the group. Dose modifications are allowed based on adverse events.

Other: 5 FUCMT (chemoradiation)
5-fluorouracil 225 mg/m^2 per day continuous IV infusion administered concurrently with radiation therapy for 5 or 7 days per week OR capecitabine 825 mg/m^2 twice daily administered orally and concurrently with radiation therapy for 5 days per week. Dose modifications are allowed based on adverse events.

Procedure: surgery
low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision

Procedure: magnetic resonance imaging or endorectal ultrasound
Active Comparator: Group 2
Patients receive 5FUCMT including chemotherapy and radiation therapy for 5.5 weeks. Patients will be given either 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine and radiation therapy. After the chemoradiation therapy is completed, patients will proceed directly to surgery. Post-surgery, patients will receive FOLFOX chemotherapy once every two weeks for 8 cycles total over a period of 16 weeks. Patient observation with follow up evaluations and event monitoring will occur up to 8 years post randomization.
 Drug: FOLFOX (chemotherapy)
Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m^2 IV over 2 hours on day 1, leucovorin 400 mg/m^2 bolus IV over 2 hours on day 1 and 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m^2 bolus over 5-15 minutes then 2400 mg/m^2 continual over 46-48 hours total dose IV on days 1-2. The treatment schedule repeats based on the group. Dose modifications are allowed based on adverse events.

Other: 5 FUCMT (chemoradiation)
5-fluorouracil 225 mg/m^2 per day continuous IV infusion administered concurrently with radiation therapy for 5 or 7 days per week OR capecitabine 825 mg/m^2 twice daily administered orally and concurrently with radiation therapy for 5 days per week. Dose modifications are allowed based on adverse events.

Procedure: surgery
low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision


Outcome Measures
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Primary Outcome Measures :
  1. Pelvic R0 Resection Rate [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
    Number of Participants with Pelvic R0 Resection

  2. DFS [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
    Disease-free Survival (DFS): The distribution of DFS by group will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. 5 year disease free rates by treatment group with confidence intervals based on Kaplan-Meier curves will be reported. Log-rank test will be used to compare DFS between two treatment groups. Hazard ratio with confidence interval will be estimated based on Cox proportional hazard model. The Cox proportional hazard model will be used for multivariate analysis.


Secondary Outcome Measures :
  1. Pathologic Complete Response [ Time Frame: Up to 8 years ]
    Pathologic Complete Response (pCR): The pCR rate is defined as number of patients who achieve pCR divided by total number of patients included in the analysis population (see definition in Section 16.3.3.1) in each group. Patients who didn't undergo surgery will be classified as non-pCR. Point estimate and confidence interval (according to approach of Duffy and Santner) will be calculated by treatment groups. Chi-square test will be used to compare the pCR rates between groups.

  2. Overall Survival [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
    Overall Survival (OS): OS is defined as time from randomization to the date of death due to all causes. The distribution of OS by group will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. Five year survival rates by treatment group with confidence intervals based on Kaplan-Meier curves will be reported. Logrank test will be used to compare OS between two treatment groups. Hazard ratio with confidence interval will be estimated based on Cox proportional hazard model. The Cox proportional hazard model will be used for multivariate analysis.

  3. Rates of Receiving Pre- or Post-operative 5FUCMT [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
    Rates of Receiving 5FUCMT: For selective group patients, the proportion of patients who received 1) pre-operative 5FUCMT, 2) post-operative 5FUCMT, 3) either pre or post-operative 5FUCMT, and confidence intervals (according to approach of Duffy and Santner) will be reported.

  4. Local Recurrence (TLR): [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
    Time to Local Recurrence (TLR): The distribution of TLR by group will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. 5 year local recurrence free rates by treatment group with confidence intervals based on Kaplan-Meier curves will be reported. The comparison of the cumulative incidence of local recurrence between groups, treating distant recurrence and death as competing risks using the test of Gray (Annals of Statistics, 1988) will be conducted.

  5. Neoadjuvant Rectal Score [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
    neoadjuvant rectal (NAR) score =[5 * pN - 3(cT - pT) + 12]^2/9.61. cT is an element of the set {1, 2, 3, 4}, pT is in {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, and pN is in {0, 1, 2}. cT clinical tumor stage, pT pathologic tumor stage, pN pathologic nodal stage. Low (NAR <8), intermediate (NAR = 8-16), and high (NAR >16). Low is better and high is worse.


Eligibility Criteria
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Information from the National Library of Medicine

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Ages Eligible for Study:   18 Years and older   (Adult, Older Adult)
Sexes Eligible for Study:   All
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:   No
Criteria

Registration Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Age ≥ 18 years at diagnosis
  2. Diagnosis of rectal adenocarcinoma
  3. Radiologically measurable or clinically evaluable disease as defined in the protocol
  4. ECOG Performance Status (PS): 0, 1 or 2
  5. For this patient, the standard treatment recommendation in the absence of a clinical trial would be combined modality neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by curative intent surgical resection
  6. Candidate for sphincter-sparing surgical resection prior to neoadjuvant therapy according to the primary surgeon
  7. Primary surgeon is credentialed or is willing to be credentialed in Total Mesorectal Excision (TME), which entails submission of photos of a single TME specimen either before enrolling the first patient or by using the surgeon's 1st accrued case.

  8. Clinical Stage: T2N1, T3N0, T3N1.

    • N2 disease is to be estimated as four or more lymph nodes that are ≥ 10 mm.
    • Clinical staging should be estimated based on the combination of the following assessments: physical exam by the primary surgeon, CT or PET/CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis and either a pelvic MRI or an ultrasound (ERUS). If a pelvic MRI is peformed, it is acceptable to perform CT of the chest/abdomen, ommitting CT imaging of the pelvis.

  9. The following laboratory values obtained ≤ 28 days prior to registration:

    • Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1500/mm^3
    • Platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm^3
    • Hemoglobin > 8.0 g/dL
    • Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)
    • SGOT (AST) ≤ 3 x ULN
    • SGPT (ALT) ≤ 3 x ULN
    • Creatinine ≤1.5 x ULN
  10. Negative pregnancy test done ≤ 7 days prior to registration, for women of childbearing potential only
  11. Patient of child-bearing potential is willing to employ adequate contraception
  12. Provide informed written consent
  13. Willing to return to enrolling medical site for all study assessments

Registration Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Clinical T4 tumors
  2. Primary surgeon indicates need for abdominoperineal (APR) at baseline
  3. Evidence that the tumor is adherent to or invading the mesorectal fascia on imaging studies such that the surgeon would not be able to perform an R0 resection (one with negative margins)
  4. Tumor is causing symptomatic bowel obstruction (patients who have had a temporary diverting ostomy are eligible).
  5. Chemotherapy within 5 years prior to registration. Hormonal therapy is allowable if the disease free interval is ≥ 5 years.
  6. Any prior pelvic radiation
  7. Other invasive malignancy ≤ 5 years prior to registration. Exceptions are colonic polyps, non-melanoma skin cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ, bladder carcinoma in situ, or carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix.

  8. Any of the following because this study involves an agent that has known genotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects.

    • Pregnant women
    • Nursing women
    • Men or women of childbearing potential who are unwilling to employ adequate contraception
  9. Co-morbid illnesses or other concurrent disease which, in the judgment of the clinician obtaining informed consent, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study or interfere significantly with the proper assessment of safety and toxicity of the prescribed regimens.
Contacts and Locations
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Information from the National Library of Medicine

To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.

Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01515787


Locations
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Sponsors and Collaborators
Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Canadian Cancer Trials Group
Investigators
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Study Chair: Deborah Schrag, MD Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
  Study Documents (Full-Text)

Documents provided by Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology:
Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan  [PDF] August 25, 2022

More Information
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Additional Information:

Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):

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Responsible Party: Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01515787    
Other Study ID Numbers: N1048
CDR0000715321 ( Registry Identifier: PDQ (Physician Data Query) )
NCI-2012-00234 ( Registry Identifier: CTRP (Clinical Trials Reporting System) )
U10CA031946 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
First Posted: January 24, 2012    Key Record Dates
Results First Posted: February 2, 2024
Last Update Posted: February 2, 2024
Last Verified: January 2024
Keywords provided by Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology:
stage IIA rectal cancer
stage IIIA rectal cancer
stage IIIB rectal cancer
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
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Rectal Neoplasms
Colorectal Neoplasms
Intestinal Neoplasms
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
Digestive System Neoplasms
Neoplasms by Site
 Neoplasms
Digestive System Diseases
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Intestinal Diseases
Rectal Diseases