Maintenance Treatment Versus Observation After Induction in Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma (CAIRO3)

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00442637
• Recruitment Status: Unknown
• First Posted: March 2, 2007
• Last Update Posted: December 12, 2013
• Sponsor: Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group
• Collaborators: Koningin Wilhelmina Fonds; Sanofi; Hoffmann-La Roche
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group

Tracking Information

• First Submitted Date: February 28, 2007
• First Posted Date: March 2, 2007
• Last Update Posted Date: December 12, 2013
• Study Start Date: January 2007
• Actual Primary Completion Date: September 2013 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
• Current Primary Outcome Measures (submitted: September 5, 2008): Progression-free survival after re-introduction of MTD chemotherapy and bevacizumab (PFS2) [ Time Frame: study duration ]
• Original Primary Outcome Measures (submitted: February 28, 2007): Progression-free survival after re-introduction of MTD chemotherapy and bevacizumab (PFS2)

Current Secondary Outcome Measures (submitted: September 5, 2008)

• Progression-free survival between observation versus maintenance therapy (PFS1) [ Time Frame: study duration ]
• Response rate during re-introduction of MTD chemotherapy and bevacizumab [ Time Frame: study duration ]
• Toxicity [ Time Frame: study duration ]
• Quality of life [ Time Frame: study duration ]
• Overall survival [ Time Frame: study duration ]
• Translational research [ Time Frame: study duration ]

Original Secondary Outcome Measures (submitted: February 28, 2007)

• Progression-free survival between observation versus maintenance therapy (PFS1);
• response rate during re-introduction of MTD chemotherapy and bevacizumab;
• toxicity;
• quality of life;
• overall survival;
• translational research.

• Current Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures: Not Provided
• Original Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures: Not Provided

Descriptive Information

• Brief Title: Maintenance Treatment Versus Observation After Induction in Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma
• Official Title: Maintenance Treatment With Capecitabine and Bevacizumab Versus Observation After Induction Treatment With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab as First-line Treatment in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma

Brief Summary

The optimal duration of systemic treatment in patients with advanced colorectal cancer is unknown.

In this study the effects of bevacizumab and low-dose continuous chemotherapy with capecitabine is investigated in patients who have responded to 6 courses of oxaliplatin, capecitabine and bevacizumab ("induction treatment", at standard doses). This treatment is continued until progression or severe toxicity. This regimen is compared to the effects a observation without treatment after the induction treatment.

In case of disease progression, induction treatment will be reintroduced.

Detailed Description

Standard 1st-line treatment for patients with advanced colorectal cancer currently consists of chemotherapy plus bevacizumab. With this approach the median overall survival is approximately 20 months, and progression-free survival in first-line approximately 9-11 months. The optimal duration of treatment is unknown. Current data suggest that the efficacy of bevacizumab is dependent on concomitant use of chemotherapy. However, oxaliplatin almost invariably gives rise to neuropathy after 6-8 cycles. Prolonged use of capecitabine is associated with e.g. hand-foot syndrome. Lastly, the prolonged use of these agents is associated with considerable costs.

Evidence, mainly preclinical, suggests that continuous dosing metronomic chemotherapy may be more efficacious than interval-chemotherapy given at MTD. In this study the concept of metronomic chemotherapy is explored by administering a continuous daily instead of the usual 2 weeks-on/1 week-off oral dosing regimen of low-dose capecitabine plus bevacizumab as maintenance therapy after induction combination chemotherapy given at MTD plus bevacizumab.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Study Phase: Phase 3
• Study Design: Allocation: Randomized; Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment; Masking: None (Open Label); Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Condition: Colorectal Cancer Metastatic

Intervention

• Drug: capecitabine + bevacizumab
  Ca 1250 mg/m2 daily orally continuously, B 7.5 mg/kg i.v. q 3 w
• Other: observation
  observation after induction treatment

Study Arms

• Experimental: 1
  observation
  Intervention: Other: observation
• Active Comparator: 2
  capecitabine plus bevacizumab
  Intervention: Drug: capecitabine + bevacizumab

Publications *

• Kurk S, Peeters P, Stellato R, Dorresteijn B, de Jong P, Jourdan M, Creemers GJ, Erdkamp F, de Jongh F, Kint P, Simkens L, Tanis B, Tjin-A-Ton M, Van Der Velden A, Punt C, Koopman M, May A. Skeletal muscle mass loss and dose-limiting toxicities in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019 Aug;10(4):803-813. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12436. Epub 2019 May 15.
• Goey KKH, Elias SG, van Tinteren H, Lacle MM, Willems SM, Offerhaus GJA, de Leng WWJ, Strengman E, Ten Tije AJ, Creemers GM, van der Velden A, de Jongh FE, Erdkamp FLG, Tanis BC, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab versus observation in metastatic colorectal cancer: updated results and molecular subgroup analyses of the phase 3 CAIRO3 study. Ann Oncol. 2017 Sep 1;28(9):2128-2134. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx322.
• Simkens LH, van Tinteren H, May A, ten Tije AJ, Creemers GJ, Loosveld OJ, de Jongh FE, Erdkamp FL, Erjavec Z, van der Torren AM, Tol J, Braun HJ, Nieboer P, van der Hoeven JJ, Haasjes JG, Jansen RL, Wals J, Cats A, Derleyn VA, Honkoop AH, Mol L, Punt CJ, Koopman M. Maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (CAIRO3): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Lancet. 2015 May 9;385(9980):1843-52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62004-3. Epub 2015 Apr 7.

Recruitment Information

• Recruitment Status: Unknown status
• Estimated Enrollment (submitted: February 28, 2007): 635
• Original Enrollment: Same as current
• Estimated Study Completion Date: December 2013
• Actual Primary Completion Date: September 2013 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)

Eligibility Criteria

Before the start of induction therapy:

Inclusion Criteria:

• Histological proof of colorectal cancer (in case of a single metastasis, histological or cytological proof of this lesion should be obtained);
• Distant metastases (patients with only local recurrence are not eligible);
• Unidimensionally measurable disease (> 1 cm on spiral CT scan or > 2 cm on chest X-ray; liver ultrasound is not allowed). Serum CEA may not be used as a parameter for disease evaluation;
• In case of previous radiotherapy, at least one measurable lesion should be located outside the irradiated field.
• Ongoing or planned first line treatment with 6 cycles of Xeloda, Eloxatin, and Avastin.

Exclusion criteria

• Prior adjuvant treatment for stage II/III colorectal cancer ending within 6 months before the start of induction treatment
• Any prior adjuvant treatment after resection of distant metastases
• Previous systemic treatment for advanced disease

At randomisation:

Inclusion criteria:

• WHO performance status 0-1 (Karnofsky PS > 70%);
• Disease evaluation with proven SD, PR or CR according to RECIST after 6 cycles of MTD chemotherapy performed in week 3-4 of the 6th cycle induction therapy, and randomisation performed in week 3-5 of the 6th cycle (see time table);
• Laboratory values obtained ≤ 2 weeks prior to randomisation: adequate bone marrow function (Hb > 6.0 mmol/L, absolute neutrophil count > 1.5 x 109/L, platelets > 100 x 109/L), renal function (serum creatinine ≤ 1.5x ULN and creatinine clearance, Cockroft formula, > 30 ml/min), liver function (serum bilirubin ≤ 2 x ULN, serum transaminases ≤ 3 x ULN without presence of liver metastases or ≤ 5x ULN with presence of liver metastases);
• Life expectancy > 12 weeks;
• Age >= 18 yrs;
• Negative pregnancy test in women with childbearing potential;
• Expected adequacy of follow-up;
• Institutional Review Board approval;
• Written informed consent Exclusion criteria
• History or clinical signs/symptoms of CNS metastases;
• History of a second malignancy ≤ 5 years with the exception of adequately treated carcinoma of cervix or basal/squamous cell carcinoma of skin;
• Previous intolerance of XelodaR, EloxatinR, and/or AvastinR for which any of these drugs have been permanently discontinued; patients with previous dose reductions or delays are eligible; patients with grade 2 neurotoxicity after the 6th cycle are eligible, and retreatment with EloxatinR after PFS1 should depend on the grade of neurotoxicity at that moment;
• Known dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency;
• (Planned) radical resection of all metastatic disease;
• Uncontrolled hypertension, i.e. consistently > 150/100 mmHg;
• Use of more than 3 antihypertensive drugs;
• Significant cardiovascular disease < 1 yr before randomisation (symptomatic congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia or infarction, unstable angina pectoris, serious uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, arterial thrombosis, cerebrovascular event, pulmonary embolism);
• Any of these significant cardiovascular events during previous fluoropyrimidine therapy;
• Chronic active infection;
• Any other concurrent severe or uncontrolled disease preventing the safe administration of study drugs;
• Any impairment of gastrointestinal function or -disease that may significantly impair the absorption of oral drugs (i.e. uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea (defined as >CTC grade 2), malabsorption syndrome, bowel obstruction, or inability to swallow tablets);
• Concomitant treatments: concomitant (or within 4 weeks before randomisation) administration of any other experimental drug under investigation; concurrent treatment with any other anti-cancer therapy; full-dose anticoagulation (is allowed if started during induction therapy);
• Continuous use of immunosuppressive agents (except the use of corticosteroids as anti-emetic prophylaxis/treatment).

Sex/Gender

• Sexes Eligible for Study: All

• Ages: 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Contacts: Contact information is only displayed when the study is recruiting subjects
• Listed Location Countries: Netherlands

Administrative Information

• NCT Number: NCT00442637
• Other Study ID Numbers: CAIRO3
• Has Data Monitoring Committee: Yes
• U.S. FDA-regulated Product: Not Provided
• IPD Sharing Statement: Not Provided
• Current Responsible Party: Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group
• Original Responsible Party: Not Provided
• Current Study Sponsor: Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group
• Original Study Sponsor: Same as current

Collaborators

• Koningin Wilhelmina Fonds
• Sanofi
• Hoffmann-La Roche

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: C. JA Punt, MD PhD; Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam Netherlands

• PRS Account: Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group
• Verification Date: December 2013