Mouth Rinses for Inactivation of COVID-19 (MOR)

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04584684
• Recruitment Status: Terminated
• First Posted: October 14, 2020
• Results First Posted: March 25, 2024
• Last Update Posted: March 25, 2024
• Sponsor: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

• Study Type: Interventional
• Study Design: Allocation: Randomized; Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment; Masking: Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor); Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Conditions: Covid19; Coronavirus Infection; SARS-CoV-2 Infection
• Interventions: Other: 0.9% w/v NaCL Saline; Drug: 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide; Drug: 0.12% Chlorohexidine Gluconate; Drug: 27% Ethanol plus essential oils; Drug: 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide; Drug: 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride
• Enrollment: 128

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details
Pre-assignment Details	One participant who signed informed consent was unable to provide an adequate amount of saliva at Baseline and subsequently withdrew from the study.

Arm/Group Title	0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Arm/Group Description	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.9% w/v NaCl. 0.9% w/v NaCl: Saline placebo rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 27% ethanol plus essential oils. 27% Ethanol plus essential oils: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride. 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 1.5% w/v hydrogen peroxide rinse. 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL .5% w/v povidone-iodide. 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate. 0.12% Chlorohexidine Gluconate: Dentist prescribed antimicrobial mouth rinse
Period Title: Overall Study
Started	21	27	22	19	20	19
Completed	21	27	22	19	19	19
Not Completed	0	0	0	0	1	0

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title		0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate	Total
Arm/Group Description		Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.9% w/v NaCl. 0.9% w/v NaCl: Saline placebo rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 27% ethanol plus essential oils. 27% Ethanol plus essential oils: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride. 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 1.5% w/v hydrogen peroxide rinse. 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL .5% w/v povidone-iodide. 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate. 0.12% Chlorohexidine Gluconate: Dentist prescribed antimicrobial mouth rinse	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Number of Baseline Participants		21	27	22	19	20	19	128
Baseline Analysis Population Description		[Not Specified]
Age, Categorical; Measure Type: Count of Participants; Unit of measure: Participants
	Number Analyzed	21 participants	27 participants	22 participants	19 participants	20 participants	19 participants	128 participants
	<=18 years	2 9.5%	0 0.0%	1 4.5%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	3 2.3%
	Between 18 and 65 years	19 90.5%	27 100.0%	20 90.9%	19 100.0%	20 100.0%	19 100.0%	124 96.9%
	>=65 years	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	1 4.5%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	1 0.8%
Sex: Female, Male; Measure Type: Count of Participants; Unit of measure: Participants
	Number Analyzed	21 participants	27 participants	22 participants	19 participants	20 participants	19 participants	128 participants
	Female	12 57.1%	18 66.7%	13 59.1%	10 52.6%	11 55.0%	10 52.6%	74 57.8%
	Male	9 42.9%	9 33.3%	9 40.9%	9 47.4%	9 45.0%	9 47.4%	54 42.2%
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB); Measure Type: Count of Participants; Unit of measure: Participants
	Number Analyzed	21 participants	27 participants	22 participants	19 participants	20 participants	19 participants	128 participants
	Hispanic or Latino	2 9.5%	2 7.4%	3 13.6%	1 5.3%	2 10.0%	1 5.3%	11 8.6%
	Not Hispanic or Latino	19 90.5%	25 92.6%	19 86.4%	18 94.7%	18 90.0%	18 94.7%	117 91.4%
	Unknown or Not Reported	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%
Race (NIH/OMB); Measure Type: Count of Participants; Unit of measure: Participants
	Number Analyzed	21 participants	27 participants	22 participants	19 participants	20 participants	19 participants	128 participants
	American Indian or Alaska Native	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%
	Asian	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	2 9.1%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	2 1.6%
	Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%
	Black or African American	2 9.5%	8 29.6%	2 9.1%	2 10.5%	3 15.0%	3 15.8%	20 15.6%
	White	18 85.7%	19 70.4%	18 81.8%	17 89.5%	16 80.0%	16 84.2%	104 81.3%
	More than one race	1 4.8%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	1 5.0%	0 0.0%	2 1.6%
	Unknown or Not Reported	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%	0 0.0%
Region of Enrollment; Measure Type: Count of Participants; Unit of measure: Participants
United States	Number Analyzed	21 participants	27 participants	22 participants	19 participants	20 participants	19 participants	128 participants
		21 100.0%	27 100.0%	22 100.0%	19 100.0%	20 100.0%	19 100.0%	128 100.0%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Change in Salivary Viral RNA Level of SARS-CoV-2
Description	Determination of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in COVID+ patient saliva using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR).
Time Frame	Baseline, 30 minutes

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

3 participants were excluded due to inadequate saliva samples.

Arm/Group Title	0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Arm/Group Description:	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.9% w/v NaCl. 0.9% w/v NaCl: Saline placebo rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 27% ethanol plus essential oils. 27% Ethanol plus essential oils: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride. 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 1.5% w/v hydrogen peroxide rinse. 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL .5% w/v povidone-iodide. 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate. 0.12% Chlorohexidine Gluconate: Dentist prescribed antimicrobial mouth rinse
Overall Number of Participants Analyzed	21	27	22	19	18	18
Mean (Standard Deviation); Unit of Measure: copies/20μL sample
SARS CoV-2 N1	-209759 (856748.68)	-6298 (34132.53)	-386 (8311.31)	-44851 (115895.74)	-5319 (24672.60)	8318 (26480.13)
SARS CoV-2 N2	-440282 (1807805.86)	-1818 (22088.58)	32 (8030.75)	-79681 (209740.80)	-7195 (24253.04)	-2999 (34067.65)

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N1
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.89
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 2

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N1
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.88
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 3

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N1
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.82
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 4

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N1
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.65
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 5

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N1
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.77
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 6

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N2
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.76
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 7

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N2
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.80
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 8

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N2
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.71
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 9

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N2
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.60
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

Statistical Analysis 10

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	0.9% w/v NaCl, 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
	Comments	SARS CoV-2 N2
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments	[Not Specified]
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	P-Value	0.80
	Comments	The a priori threshold for statistical significance is <0.05.
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	[Not Specified]

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Change in Rapid Antigen Test Salivary Protein Levels of SARS-CoV-2
Description	Determination of SARS-CoV-2 protein antigen levels in COVID+ patient saliva using rapid antigen test as back-up if qPCR analysis is not possible. If the Rapid Antigen Test is needed and proves infeasible, an alternative test (i.e., sandwich ELISA) will be used.
Time Frame	Baseline, 30 Minutes

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The proposed qPCR method proved feasible with an updated protocol. As a result, the alternative method (i.e., rapid antigen test) was unnecessary and therefore not conducted.

Arm/Group Title	0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Arm/Group Description:	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.9% w/v NaCl. 0.9% w/v NaCl: Saline placebo rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 27% ethanol plus essential oils. 27% Ethanol plus essential oils: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride. 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 1.5% w/v hydrogen peroxide rinse. 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL .5% w/v povidone-iodide. 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate. 0.12% Chlorohexidine Gluconate: Dentist prescribed antimicrobial mouth rinse
Overall Number of Participants Analyzed	0	0	0	0	0	0

No data displayed because Outcome Measure has zero total analyzed.

3. Primary Outcome

Title	Change in Salivary Protein Antigen Levels of SARS-CoV-2
Description	Determination of SARS-CoV-2 protein antigen levels in COVID+ patient saliva using sandwich ELISA assay as back-up if qPCR analysis is not possible. If the sandwich ELISA assay proves infeasible, an alternative test (i.e., Rapid Antigen Test) will be used.
Time Frame	Baseline, 30 minutes

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The proposed qPCR method proved feasible with an updated protocol. As a result, the alternative method (i.e., sandwich ELISA assay) was unnecessary and therefore not conducted.

Arm/Group Title	0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Arm/Group Description:	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.9% w/v NaCl. 0.9% w/v NaCl: Saline placebo rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 27% ethanol plus essential oils. 27% Ethanol plus essential oils: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride. 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 1.5% w/v hydrogen peroxide rinse. 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL .5% w/v povidone-iodide. 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate. 0.12% Chlorohexidine Gluconate: Dentist prescribed antimicrobial mouth rinse
Overall Number of Participants Analyzed	0	0	0	0	0	0

No data displayed because Outcome Measure has zero total analyzed.

4. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Change in Salivary Viral Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2
Description	Determination of SARS-CoV-2 viral infectivity using an in vitro infectivity assay.
Time Frame	Baseline, 30 Minutes

Outcome Measure Data Not Reported

5. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Participants' Willingness to Use Mouthrinse
Description	The Mouthrinse questionnaire was used to understand the acceptability of mouthrinse use by participants in a clinical setting. It asks participants to respond to 14 questions answering the following: "As I read the following list of situations, please tell me how willing you would be to using a mouth rinse in that situation." Possible responses for each question are: ("Very willing"; "Somewhat willing"; "Somewhat unwilling"; "Very unwilling"; and "NA").
Time Frame	After using mouthrinse, between 0-minute and 15-minute saliva collection

Outcome Measure Data Not Reported

Adverse Events

Time Frame	From the time of signing informed consent through completion of the approximately 1.5-hour visit.
Adverse Event Reporting Description	[Not Specified]
Arm/Group Title	0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Arm/Group Description	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.9% w/v NaCl. 0.9% w/v NaCl: Saline placebo rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 27% ethanol plus essential oils. 27% Ethanol plus essential oils: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride. 0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 1.5% w/v hydrogen peroxide rinse. 1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL .5% w/v povidone-iodide. 0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide: Over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse	Subject participants will rinse mouth one time for 60 seconds with 10 mL of 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate. 0.12% Chlorohexidine Gluconate: Dentist prescribed antimicrobial mouth rinse
All-Cause Mortality
	0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)
Total	0/21 (0.00%)	0/27 (0.00%)	0/22 (0.00%)	0/19 (0.00%)	0/20 (0.00%)	0/19 (0.00%)
Serious Adverse Events
	0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)
Total	0/21 (0.00%)	0/27 (0.00%)	0/22 (0.00%)	0/19 (0.00%)	0/20 (0.00%)	0/19 (0.00%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
Frequency Threshold for Reporting Other Adverse Events	0%
	0.9% w/v NaCl	27% Ethanol Plus Essential Oils	0.075% Cetylpyridinium Chloride	1.5% w/v Hydrogen Peroxide	0.5% w/v Povidone-iodide	0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)
Total	0/21 (0.00%)	0/27 (0.00%)	0/22 (0.00%)	0/19 (0.00%)	0/20 (0.00%)	0/19 (0.00%)

Limitations and Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

Results Point of Contact

• Name/Title: Laura Jacox, DMD, PhD, MS
• Organization: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Phone: 847-702-0988
• EMail: ljacox@live.unc.edu

Publications:

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Sorveglianza Integrata COVID-19 in Italia. Instituto Superiore di Sanitahttps://portale.fnomceo.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Infografica_9aprile-ITA.pdf (2020).

O'Donnell VB, Thomas D, Stanton R, Maillard JY, Murphy RC, Jones SA, Humphreys I, Wakelam MJO, Fegan C, Wise MP, Bosch A, Sattar SA. Potential Role of Oral Rinses Targeting the Viral Lipid Envelope in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Function (Oxf). 2020;1(1):zqaa002. doi: 10.1093/function/zqaa002. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Harrel SK, Molinari J. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: a brief review of the literature and infection control implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004 Apr;135(4):429-37. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0207.

Izzetti R, Nisi M, Gabriele M, Graziani F. COVID-19 Transmission in Dental Practice: Brief Review of Preventive Measures in Italy. J Dent Res. 2020 Aug;99(9):1030-1038. doi: 10.1177/0022034520920580. Epub 2020 Apr 17.

Ather A, Patel B, Ruparel NB, Diogenes A, Hargreaves KM. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care. J Endod. 2020 May;46(5):584-595. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.03.008. Epub 2020 Apr 6.

Baghizadeh Fini M. What dentists need to know about COVID-19. Oral Oncol. 2020 Jun;105:104741. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104741. Epub 2020 Apr 28.

Cleveland JL, Gray SK, Harte JA, Robison VA, Moorman AC, Gooch BF. Transmission of blood-borne pathogens in US dental health care settings: 2016 update. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016 Sep;147(9):729-38. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2016.03.020. Epub 2016 May 24.

Pfefferle, S. et al.Low and high infection dose transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the first COVID-19 clusters in Northern Germany. medRxiv(2020) doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.20127332.

Ge ZY, Yang LM, Xia JJ, Fu XH, Zhang YZ. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020 May;21(5):361-368. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B2010010. Epub 2020 Mar 16.

Carrouel F, Conte MP, Fisher J, Goncalves LS, Dussart C, Llodra JC, Bourgeois D. COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with beta-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 15;9(4):1126. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041126.

Dennison DK, Meredith GM, Shillitoe EJ, Caffesse RG. The antiviral spectrum of Listerine antiseptic. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995 Apr;79(4):442-8. doi: 10.1016/s1079-2104(05)80124-6.

Hasheminia D, Moaddabi A, Moradi S, Soltani P, Moannaei M, Issazadeh M. The efficacy of 1% Betadine mouthwash on the incidence of dry socket after mandibular third molar surgery. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018 May 1;10(5):e445-e449. doi: 10.4317/jced.54444. eCollection 2018 May.

Challacombe SJ, Kirk-Bayley J, Sunkaraneni VS, Combes J. Povidone iodine. Br Dent J. 2020 May;228(9):656-657. doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-1589-4. No abstract available.

Kirk-Bayley, J., Challacombe, S., Sunkaraneni, V. & Combes, J. The Use of Povidone Iodine Nasal Spray and Mouthwash During the Current COVID-19 Pandemic May Protect Healthcare Workers and Reduce Cross Infection. SSRN Electron. J.(2020) doi:10.2139/ssrn.3563092.

COVID-19 Frequently Asked Questions. American Dental Assocation: Center for Professional Sucess(2020).

Sethuraman N, Jeremiah SS, Ryo A. Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2249-2251. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8259. No abstract available.

• Responsible Party: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04584684
• Other Study ID Numbers: 20-2040
• First Submitted: October 9, 2020
• First Posted: October 14, 2020
• Results First Submitted: January 27, 2023
• Results First Posted: March 25, 2024
• Last Update Posted: March 25, 2024